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JEFC教材被動句教學解析
被動語態在JEFC教材中直到第三冊Unit 16—Unit 18(Lesson 61—Lesson 72)中才作為語法項目進行專 門訓練, 并經過整整三個單元共12課才能完成這一知識點的教學,可見被動語態的難度。以上三個單元12課出現的有關被動語態的語言知識可歸結如下:
1.從時態上說,出現了一般現在時和一般過去時中的被動語態,如:
It's used for cutting.
It's was made in China.
2.從句式上說,出現了陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句中的被動語態,如:
English is spoken by many people.
Were they built in 1860?
What's it made of?
When was it founded?
Where's tea grown?
3.例句中出現的動詞(或詞組)有:
to be dug/founded /grown /harvested /kept /knocked /looked after/made [of]/picked/p lanted /produced /pusheddown/spoken/tied to/used [for]/watered
4.依據教材內容句子結構可以達到這樣的復雜程度:It will beused as a tool by people in the wo rld in some days. 格式是:主語+情態動詞+加be動詞+過去分詞+as/for 表示功用+動作執行者+方位 狀語+時間狀語。這一格式中某些成分可以省略或移位。
JEFC教材主要根據功能派的教學原則編寫,提倡通過不同的教學方式,運用多種教學媒體,創設具體語境 ,全方位地培養學生的語言能力。與傳統教材相比,淡化了語言知識的教學。這無疑是先進的,但也并非是完 美的。就被動語態知識而言,以上所述的三個單元12課中有關被動語態的知識就不是很完整。所以我們以為, 使用JEFC教材教學被動語態,至少應在以下兩方面進行必要的補充:
一、在指導學生操練時,教師應有意識地結合學生已學知識,將被動語態與時態結合起來,通過替換練習 ,使學生掌握被動語態在各種時態中的變換形式。現以動詞make為例,聯系學生已學過的八種時態,應該讓學 生熟悉并操練如下句型:
(1)…is/am/are made… (一般現在時)
(2)…is/am/are being made… (現在進行時)
(3)…has/have been made… (現在完成時)
(4)…was/were made… (一般過去時)
(5)…was/were being made… (過去進行時)
(6)…had/been made… (過去完成時)
(7)…will/shall be made… (一般將來時)
(8)…would be made… (過去將來時)
進行以上各種時態變換操練時又應注意如下幾點:
1.例句由易到難,由簡單到復雜。仍以動詞make為例:
It was made.
It was made by Wang Lin.
It was made for Tom.
It was made in China.
It was made in 1990.
It was made by Wang Lin in China.
It was made by Wang Lin in China in 1990.
It was made for Tom by Wang Lin in China in 1990.
在此基礎上,進行兩種變換練習:一是變一般過去時為其它各種不同的時態(句子在表達上也須作相應的 修改),使句子在不同時態之間轉換。二是將句子在肯定——否定,陳述——疑問之間轉換,比如:
The letter has been finished.
The letter has not been finished.
Has the letter been finished?
2.在教(7)(8)兩種時態(一般將來時、過去將來時)的過程中,教會學生使用帶情態動詞的被動結構 和帶不定式的被動結構,即結合will/shall/would be+(p. p)結構,教會學生掌握…can/may /must/ should/has to/have to/to be going to+be+(p.p. )…結構,以及各種結構的變換方式。如:
It will be given to him.
The building shall be founded next year.
Apples cannot be kept for a long time.
The baby must be looked after carefully.
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