下學期 Unit 20 Mainly revision
教學目標
知識目標
一、教學目標與要求
本單元的復習重點是第15至19單元出現的有關語法項目和日常交際用語。通過復習，使學生進一步鞏固這些語言知識，增強和提高運用這些語言知識表達的能力。使學生了解到我國古代勞動人民的智慧及紙的發明對世界的影響。并能簡述中國兩千多年的造紙史。
二、教學重點與難點
1．重點詞匯 development；press；form；include；describe；come out；throw away；at the same time
2．重要句型 1）In the beginning they used to carve Chinese characters on stones to record important dates In history．2）It took a long time to carve a page for a book．3）It Is believed that before writing was developed，people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together．
3．語法復習第15至19單元學習過的語法項目。
4．日常交際用語復習第15至19單元出現過的日常交際用語項目。
能力知識
會利用所學知識敘述古代的兩種印刷方法及造紙術的發展。
德育知識
注重培養學生的民族自豪感，讓學生了解我國古代的四大發明，激發他們的愛國熱情。
教學建議
本單元建議
Lesson 77
1.Appoints one or two students to practice a dialog alike this:
A: What happened before printing was invented?
B: Other ways had to be used to record information. . . Then divide the whole class into groups of 4 to follow suit.
2. Ask some questions about the modern printing. Then get the students to list the ways of printing in modern times.
Lesson 78 (Oral practice)
Suppose you were a guide, introduce the development of paper-making in China to foreigners.
對話建議
1．這篇是有關printing的對話。教師可采取對比的方法，來圍繞開展對話，比如：學習本課的對話：
What happened before printing was invented?
What happened after printing was invented?
2．教師把有關的早期圖片給學生看，講述造紙的特點：可以掌握以下的句型和單詞，如：come out, keep a record, carve, throw away. 等等
課文建議
1． 教師在設計本課的教學過程中，讓學生了解中國古代的文明�？蓞⒄障铝懈鲊埖闹圃鞎r間的出現：
中國：2000B.C
中東 8A.D.
西班牙1150年
俄羅斯1567年
美國1690年
2．教師安排學生了解研制中國造紙術的發明經過,用下面的詞匯貫穿全篇課文。
1.stone， animal bones, metal pots, bamboo, wood
2．silk books
3．fibres of plants
分析本單元結構
都是圍繞著printing這個話題來讓學生們學習和了解這方面的知識。對話中主要運用了詢問等方面的用語。及有用的詞匯如：come out, keep records, back-to-front等用法。課文中同時也運用了It is believed +that clause….The problem was that等同位語從句，動詞-ing形式，被動語態， 形容詞. +帶to不定式”結構的理解。
分析對話
本對話講述兩位談的話題有關印刷在中國的發展狀況。一是對話談到印刷術發明之前人們是怎么進行記錄。二是后來刻字印刷術的發明及它的缺陷，如：
使用的對話結構：
What happened?
In the beginning they…
But later, people developed…
How did the printing come out?
The next development was to…
分析課文內容
本單元的話題是介紹紙的發明以及印刷術的發展，使學生認識紙的發明對世界文明所產生的影響。分為兩個部分：
Part 1 (Paragraph 1) Paper was one of the most important inventions in the whole of Chinese history.
Part 2 Paragraphs 2— 5) How paper was invented and develop.
(Paragraph 2—3) Chinese people used stones, animal bones, metal pots, and pieces of bamboo or wood to keep records.
(Paragraph 4) Chinese people made a kind of paper as soft and light as silk but much less expensive.
(Paragraph 5) The making of paper was well developed; the invention reached other countries.
The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中國人造紙已經有兩千年了。
此句謂語動詞用了現在完成時，其結構是have/ has been+現在分詞。
現在完成進行是一種兼有現在完成時和現在進行時二者基本特點的時態。由于它有現在完成時的特點，所以它可以表示某一動作對現在產生的結果或影響。由于它有現在進行時的特點，所以它也可以表示這一動作仍在進行或尚在繼續。例如：
I’ve been writing a letter. 我一直在寫信。（我仍在寫信）
I’ve written a letter. 我寫了一封信。（信已寫好）
They have been cleaning the classroom. （這項工作仍在進行）比較：
They have cleaned the classroom. 他們把教室打掃過了。（這項工作已經完成）
句子分析
It is believed that before writing was developed, people in China used to keep records by putting a number of stones together. 據悉，在有文字以前，中國人常把許多石頭放在一起來記事。
1） 本句用的句型是“It is believed + that –clause.”
It是形式主語，真正的主語是后面的that-clause，而在that-clause中又包括了一個由從屬連詞before引出的時間狀語從句。
“It is believed +that-clause”相當于“People believe+ that-clause”可譯作“人們相信/據信……”。類似的結構有：“It is said/ known/ agreed/ thought + that-clause”。例如：
It is believed that there is plenty of oil off our coast. 據信我國沿海有大量的石油。
2）介詞by在這兒和-ing形式連用，表示“用……方式”，“靠……手段”的意思。例如：
It is thought that he (has) made much money by selling cigarettes. 人們認為他靠賣香煙賺了很多錢。
At the same time another kind of paper was developed, made form silk. 在這一時期，研制了另一種紙，它是用絲帛制成的。
1）at the same time 作“同時”解。如：
They went their different ways, but arrived at the same time. 他們走的是不同的路線，但卻同時到了。
2）made from silk過去分詞短語作定語，相當于一個非限制性定語從句，which was made from silk修飾主語another kind of paper.
The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use. 問題是這些絲織品太貴重，用作日常的書寫太昂貴。
（1）句中的“The problem is that…”是個常用句型，在英語語法中，它被稱作“主系表” （主語+連系動詞+表語）結構。而其中的表語用了一個從句形式（that-clause）。這類句型的主語往往用下列名詞question, reason, result, fact, suggestion等。例如：
The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening. 問題在于我們能否在明晚以前完成我們的工作。
The fact is that he never told me the truth. 事實是，他從未對我講真話。
2）句中的“too…for”表示“太……以致不好/不能……”。這里的介詞for所接賓語（內容）有否定的含意。例如：
The room is too small for us three. 這房間太小，我們三人住不下。
說明：“too…to”也表達同一含意。區別是：for +n/ pron.; to+in f.。
By the first century the making of paper in some parts of China had been well developed and had become common. 到了公元一世紀，中國有些地區造紙業已十分發達并且變得普遍了。
本句有兩個并列謂語，都用了過去完成時態（had been well developed和had become common），表示在過去某一時間之前已經發生的動作。這一過去時間是通過介詞by的短語(By the first century)來表示的。又如：
She had not finished her report by yesterday afternoon. 到昨天下午為止，她還沒有寫完報告。
By the end of last week all the plans had been made. 到上周末為止，所有的計劃都訂出來了。
They carved a whole page of characters back to front in the wood
“back to front” 是一個合成詞，作“反面地”解，在句中作狀語，修飾動詞carved。
這種合成詞是“名詞+介詞+名詞”構成。詞與詞之間應有連字符連接，如：
如face-to-face（面對面）、back-to-back（背面背）
side-by-side（肩并肩）、hand-in-hand (手牽手)等
這種合成詞在句中多作定語；詞與詞之間無連字符連接、多作狀語。例如：
The boy has his sweater on back to front.
He came face to face with death.
Although these were much more useful than the metal pots, they were still difficult to read and were very heavy to carry. 和金屬鍋相比，這些書籍雖然有用得多，但是讀起來還是很費勁，拿起來又很重。
1）句中的much為副詞，修飾比較級，表示程度，可譯為“……得多”。能充當這類程度狀語的副詞還有far, a lot, even, still, a great deal, a bit, a little等。例如：
Houses are much/ far / a lot more expensive these days. 如今房子貴多了。
The Chinese farmers are even/ still/ all the / a great deal richer than before. 中國農民比以前更富了。
注意：程度副詞every, too等不能和比較級連用。
2）difficult to read和heavy to carry同屬于“adj. +帶to不定式”結構。
該結構的主要特點是：不定式用主動形式表示被動意義，它與前面的主語有邏輯的動賓關系。因此，如果動詞不定式是不及物動詞，則要加上必要的介詞或副詞。例如：
Those programmes are usually easy to receive and not difficult to understand. 這些節目通常都很容易接收到，而且也不難聽懂。
適應于這種結構的形容詞還有：easy, hard, difficult, impossible, comfortable, pleasant, heavy, interesting, pretty等。
詞匯辨析
辨析every day與everyday
every day分開寫，在句中通常作狀語，表示“每天”；
everyday合寫時在句中通常作定語，表示“每日的；日常的”。例如：
You should read English every day. 你應該每天都讀英語。
You should practise your English in everyday life. 你應該在每天的日常生活中去練習英語。
辨析contain與include
共同點：兩者都有“包含”的意思。區別在于：
contain可用于包含所含之物的全部或部分；
include則只能用于表示所包含之物中的一部分。例如：
The basket contains a variety of fruits. 這籃子里裝有各種水果。
The price includes the tax.這價錢包括稅金。
注意：與include 有關的including，included的用法。例如：
We all went to the museum, Lily included. 我們去了博物館，莉莉也去了。
The band played many songs, including some of my favourites.
樂隊演奏了很多曲子，包括我最喜歡的幾首。
辨析method 和way
共同點：兩者都可以表示“方法”
way是普通用語，指做事情的方法，也可泛指思想方法、生活方式等。
It is English way of living. 這是英國人的生活方式。
method指系統的，具有一定理論性的方法。
We must improve the method of teaching English. 我們必須改進英語教學法。
辨析at the same time與meanwhile
共同點：兩者都表示同時。
不同點：at the same time意為同時，然而。有兩種表示：
1） 兩個動作或情況在同一時間發生或存在；
2）用來說明人或事物的一個方面之外的另一面。
Meanwhile意為同時，在此期間，作為副詞和名詞，表示在某動作或情況發生或存在期間將可能發生另一件事。它不用于說明人或事物的另一面。例如：
It will cost a lot of money. At the same time, I think we shall need it and it will certainly be useful. 這要花不少錢，但是我們還是需要它，它肯定對我們有用處。
They’ll be here soon. Meanwhile let’s have coffee. 他們很快就到，在此期間，我們來喝咖啡吧。
辨析in the beginning, at the beginning
共同點：
表示“起初”，最好用in，有時也用at
不同點：
1）后接of短語，指時間，at較常用
2）后接表示地點的名詞，用at
3）與at last“最后”相對，常用at
與later對比使用，常用in
The new school term start at / in the beginning of September. 新學期九月初開始。
The shop is at the beginning of the road. 商店就在道路的起點處。
In the beginning, we sued hand tools, Later we had machines. 起初，我們用手工工具，后來我們用機器。
She was against the plan at the beginning, but at last she was for it. 她起初反對這個計劃，但最后還是同意了。
Lesson 77 教學設計方案
Teaching Aims
Let the students know the development of printing mentioned in the dialogue.
Learn some words: for example print, carve, come out ,press, throw away.
Teaching Procedures
Step 1 Presentation
(Teacher) Today we are going to learn about printing in Chinese history.
1. Show the students a picture on which the Chinese characters are white.
2. Show the students another picture on which the Chinese characters are black.
Step 2 Listen to the dialogue
Ask someone to answer the questions.
1) How many ways of printing are mentioned in the dialogue? Two.
2) What are they?
One way is using rocks and paper; the other way is using wood and paper.
Step 3Read the dialogue aloud after the tape.
Step 4Practise the dialogue in pairs.
Step 5 Deal with the language points.
Step 6 Listen to the whole dialogue again to review.
Step 7 Work in pairs. (Part 2 Oral practice)
Step 8 Workbook
Finish the exercises in the workbook.
Step 9 Exercises
1 .The ________ _________ _______ (印刷的發明)is very important in history.
2. It s said that another new coal mine ________ _______ ______(據報道)in the north.
3. I enjoy the animal __________ _______ _________ _________ (刻在石頭上的)by him.
4. Don't ________ _________ (亂扔) waste paper here and there. Keep the room clean, please.
5.Will _________ _________ ________ (花我們時間)an hour to finish the work?
6. In fact, paper was ______ _____ ______ ________ ________ (四大發明之一) in ancient China.
7. It is believed that ______ _____ ______ ________ _______ ______ _____ （已經建立起許多現化工廠） in Chengdu in the past few years.
8. ____ ______ ______ (據報道) that at least a score of buildings were damaged or destroyed .
9. ________ ________ __________ (問題是) that we don't know his address for the time being.
10. He made a living ________ ________ _________ (通過賣報紙).
參考答案
1.invention, of, printing 6. one, of. Four, Great, Inventions
2. has, been, discovered 7. many modem factories have been set up
3. carved, on, the, stones 8. It is reported
4. throw, away 9. The problem is
5. it, lake, us 10. by selling newspaper.
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